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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative motor disorder. The neuropathology is characterized by intraneuronal protein aggregates of alpha-synuclein and progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. Previous studies have shown that extracellular alpha-synuclein aggregates can activate microglial cells, induce inflammation and contribute to the neurodegenerative process in PD. However, the signaling pathways involved in alpha-synuclein-mediated microglia activation are poorly understood. Galectin-3 is a member of a carbohydrate-binding protein family involved in cell activation and inflammation. Therefore, we investigated whether galectin-3 is involved in the microglia activation triggered by alpha-synuclein. Results: We cultured microglial (BV2) cells and induced cell activation by addition of exogenous alpha-synuclein monomers or aggregates to the cell culture medium. This treatment induced a significant increase in the levels of proinflammatory mediators including the inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1beta) and Interleukin-12 (IL-12). We then reduced the levels of galectin-3 expression using siRNA or pharmacologically targeting galectin-3 activity using bis-(3-deoxy-3-(3-fluorophenyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl)-sulfane. Both approaches led to a significant reduction in the observed inflammatory response induced by alpha-synuclein. We confirmed these findings using primary microglial cells obtained from wild-type and galectin-3 null mutant mice. Finally, we performed injections of alpha-synuclein in the olfactory bulb of wild type mice and observed that some of the alpha-synuclein was taken up by activated microglia that were immunopositive for galectin-3. Conclusions: We show that alpha-synuclein aggregates induce microglial activation and demonstrate for the first time that galectin-3 plays a significant role in microglia activation induced by alpha-synuclein. These results suggest that genetic down-regulation or pharmacological inhibition of galectin-3 might constitute a novel therapeutic target in PD and other synucleinopathies.

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Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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A novel nucleoside has been isolated from the crustacean Ligia exotica, and the structure was elucidated as 3′-O-(alpha-D-glucosyl)inosine, 1, by analysis of spectroscopic data and by total synthesis.

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Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Discovery of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate

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The alpha-D-allo-diol 9 possesses an intramolecular H-bond (HO-C(3) to O-C(1)) in solution and in the solid state (Fig. 2). In solution, it exists as a mixture of the tautomers 9a and 9b (Fig. 3), which possess a bifurcated H-bond, connecting HO-C(2) with both O-C(1) and O-C(3). In addition, 9a possesses the same intramolecular H-bond as in the solid state, while 9b is characterized by an intramolecular H-bond between HO-C(3) and O-C(4). In solution, the beta-D-anomer 12 is also a mixture of tautomers, 12a and presumably a dimer. The H-bonding in 9 and 12 is evidenced by their IR and 1H-NMR spectra and by a comparison with those of 3-8, 10, and 11. The expected regioselectivity of glycosidation of 9 and 12 by the diazirine 1 or the trichloroacetimidate 2 is discussed on the basis of the relative degree of acidity/nucleophilicity of individual OH groups, as governed by H-bonding. Additional factors determining the regioselectivity of glycosidation by 1 are the direction of carbene approach/proton transfer by H-bonded OH groups, and the stereoelectronic control of both the proton transfer to the alkoxy-alkyl carbene (in the sigma-plane) and the combination of the thereby formed ions (pi-plane of the oxycarbenium ion). Glycosidation of 9 by the diazirine 1 or the trichloroacetimidate 2 proceeded in good yields (75-94%) and with high regioselectivity. Glycosidation of 9 and 12 by 1 or 2 gave mixtures of the disaccharides 14-17 and 18-21, respectively (Scheme 2). As expected, glycosidation of 12 by 1 or by 2 gave a nearly 1:1 mixture of regioisomers and a slight preference for the beta-D-anomers (Table 4). Glycosidation of the alpha-D-anomer 9 gave mostly the 1,3-linked disaccharides 16 and 17 (alpha-D > beta-D) along with the 1,2-linked disaccharides 14 and 15 (alpha-D < beta-D, 1,2-/1,3-linked glycosides ca. 1:4), except in THF and at low temperature, where the beta-D-configurated 1,2-linked disaccharide 15 is predominantly formed. Similarly, glycosidation of 9 with 2 yielded mainly the 1,3-linked disaccharides (1,2-/1,3-linked products ca. 1:3 and alpha-D/beta-D ca. 1:4). Yields and selectivity depend upon the solvent and the temperature. The regioselectivity and the unexpected stereoselectivity of the glycosidation of 9 by 1 evidences the combined effect of the above mentioned factors, which also explain the lack of regio-complementarity in the glycosidation of 9 by 1 and by 2 (Scheme 3). THF solvates the intermediate oxycarbenium ion, as evidenced by the strong influence of this solvent on the regio- and stereoselectivity, particularly at low temperatures, where kinetic control leads to a stereoelectronically preferred axial attack of THF on the oxycarbenium ion. I hope this article can help some friends in scientific research. I am very proud of our efforts over the past few months and hope to 74808-09-6, help many people in the next few years., Reference of 74808-09-6

Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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The first total synthesis of (-)-gibboside is reported. The route features a novel iron-catalyzed carbocyclization as the key step for the construction of the cis,trans,cis-tetrasubstituted cyclopentane core.

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Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Can You Really Do Chemisty Experiments About (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law.category: Tetrahydropyrans. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 74808-09-6

74808-09-6, Name is (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate, molecular formula is C36H36Cl3NO6, belongs to tetrahydropyrans compound, is a common compound. In a patnet, once mentioned the new application about 74808-09-6, category: Tetrahydropyrans

Highly alpha-stereoselective one-pot sequential glycosylation using glucosyl thioformimidate derivatives

Several trisaccharides were prepared by efficient highly alpha-stereoselective one-pot sequential glycosylation using glucosyl p-trifluoromethylbenzylthio-p-trifluoromethylphenyl formimidates (abbreviated to: glucosyl thioformimidates) in the presence of a catalytic amount of TfOH. Factors that controlled the high alpha-stereoselectivity were determined by characteristic properties of thioformimidate groups contained both in glucosyl donor and acceptor.

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Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Some scientific research about (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate

Balanced chemical reaction does not necessarily reveal either the individual elementary reactions by which a reaction occurs or its rate law.COA of Formula: C36H36Cl3NO6. In my other articles, you can also check out more blogs about 74808-09-6

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Acyl Sulfonamide Catalysts for Glycosylation Reactions with Trichloroacetimidate Donors

The acyl sulfonamide functional group has been found to serve as a catalytic moiety for the glycosylation of several alcohols when glycosyl donors based on trichloroacetimidates are employed.

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Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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Cooperative catalysis in glycosidation reactions with o-glycosyl trichloroacetimidates as glycosyl donors

Thiourea mediates cooperative glycosidation through hydrogen bonding. N,N?-Diarylthiourea as cocatalyst enforces an SN2-type acid-catalyzed glycosidation even at room temperature (see scheme; Bn=benzyl). From O-(alpha-glycosyl) trichloroacetimidates as glycosyl donors and various acceptors, beta-glycosides are preferentially or exclusively obtained.

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Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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Synthesis of Cage-Shaped Aluminum Aryloxides: Efficient Lewis Acid Catalyst for Stereoselective Glycosylation Driven by Flexible Shift of Four- To Five-Coordination

Monomeric cage-shaped aluminum aryl oxides 1Al were synthesized using tripodal triphenolic ligands. The Lewis acidity and catalytic activity of the obtained 1Al·py were investigated. The Lewis acidity of 1Al·py originates from the flexible change in the coordination number of the aluminum center, allowing the catalytic O-glycosylation to occur with a high efficiency and an unusual stereoselectivity.

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Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

New explortion of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate

The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.I hope my blog about 74808-09-6 is helpful to your research., Formula: C36H36Cl3NO6

The reaction rate of a catalyzed reaction is faster than the reaction rate of the uncatalyzed reaction at the same temperature.74808-09-6, Name is (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate, molecular formula is C36H36Cl3NO6. In a Article,once mentioned of 74808-09-6, Formula: C36H36Cl3NO6

Efficient methods for glycosidations with glycals – A key intermediate for the synthesis of mucin core 1-type O-glycan

The use of glycals as acceptors in glycosylation reactions is hampered by their sensitivity to acids. We report here on the successful use of mild Lewis acid [Sn(OTf)2] as catalyst for the glycosylation with O-glycosyl trichloroacetimidates and on the development of this method to construct a key intermediate for the synthesis of mucin type O-glycans. To this end, chemoselective nitration of O-glycosylated glycals, stereoselective threonine addition, and reduction of the nitro group to the amino group by an efficient procedure avoiding the use of an expensive catalyst was performed.

The reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called a substrate. Enzyme inhibitors cause a decrease in the reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.I hope my blog about 74808-09-6 is helpful to your research., Formula: C36H36Cl3NO6

Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

Extracurricular laboratory:new discovery of (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate

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Reference of 74808-09-6, Catalysts are substances that increase the reaction rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. 74808-09-6, Name is (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-Tris(benzyloxy)-6-((benzyloxy)methyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl 2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate, molecular formula is C36H36Cl3NO6. In a Article,once mentioned of 74808-09-6

Glycosylidene Carbenes, Part 10. Regioselective Glycosidation of 4,6-O-Benzylidene-D-altropyranosides

Glycosidation by the diazirine 1, the trichloroacetimidate 4, and the bromide 5 of the altro-diol 2, possessing an intramolecular H-bond (HO-C(3) to O-C(1)) in solution, but not in the solid state, proceeds with high and complementary regioselectivity.From 2 and 1, one obtains mostly the 1,2-linked disaccharides 10 and 11 (beta-D > alpha-D), together with the 1,3-linked isomers 12 and 13 (alpha-D > beta-D; 1,2-/1,3-linked products ca.9:1), the demethylated 1,3-linked disaccharides 24-27, the trisaccharides 19-22, the lactone azines 23, and the hydroxyglucal 18, while 2 reacted with 4 or 5 to yield mostly the 1,3-linked disaccharides (1,2-/1,3-linked products ca. 1:9).The disaccharides were additionally characterized as acetates (-> 14-17, 28-31).Yields and stereoselectivity depended upon the donor, stoichiometry, solvent, temperature, and concentration.Glycosidation of the 1,3-linked disaccharides with 1 yielded the trisaccharides 19-22.Reaction of the beta-D-altro-diol 3 with 1 gave the 1,2- and 1,3-linked disaccharides 32/33 and 34/35 in a 1:1 ratio, characterized as the acetates 36-39, while glycosidation with 5 according to Lemieux proceeded regioselectively (1,2-/1,3-linked products 91:9).The monotosylates 6 and 7 reacted with 1 to yield the anomeric pairs 40/41, and 42/43 of the tosylated disaccharides; the oxiranes 44 and 45 were not observed.

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Reference:
Tetrahydropyran – Wikipedia,
Tetrahydropyran – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics